Inglês · Unit 1

Have Your Nose in a Book

Unit 1 — Have Your Nose in a Book

Literary genres, compound nouns, Simple Past, Past Progressive e Past Perfect — vocabulário, gramática e leitura integrados para o 9.º ano do Ensino Fundamental.

Word-Stock 1 Literary Genres

Os géneros literários classificam os textos de acordo com a sua forma, conteúdo e função. Conhecê-los ajuda a escolher leituras e a compreender as expectativas do leitor para cada tipo de texto.

Géneros — Vocabulary

  • Adventure — história de ação, perigos e descobertas.
  • Autobiography — relato da própria vida escrito pela própria pessoa.
  • Biography — relato da vida de outra pessoa.
  • Comic — história em imagens (banda desenhada / HQ).
  • Crime — intrigas policiais e investigações.
  • Fantasy — mundos imaginários, magia, criaturas sobrenaturais.
  • Historical fiction — ficção ambientada num período histórico real.
  • Non-fiction — texto factual, sem invenção.
  • Play — texto escrito para ser representado no teatro.
  • Poetry — texto em verso, exploração da linguagem e emoção.
  • Romantic novel — romance amoroso.
  • Science fiction — mundos futuristas, tecnologia, espaço.
  • Short story — narrativa breve, personagens e eventos limitados.
  • Thriller — suspense, medo, tensão constante.

Prática — Match the genre

  1. "It's a story about a man whose life changes when he meets someone at an airport. It's only 26 pages." → Short story
  2. "He mostly reads non-fiction / science fiction. He especially likes books about art."
  3. "Philip Marlowe is a tough detective trying to solve a murder." → Crime
  4. "Lord Waldron fights the Giants and tries to get back the magic sword." → Fantasy
  5. "A refugee is running away from the police. They say he is a terrorist, but we know he is innocent. It's really exciting." → Thriller

Language Ground 1 Simple Past & Past Progressive

Simple Past

  • Descreve ações concluídas no passado.
  • Forma com -ed (regulares) ou forma irregular.
  • Ex.: She wrote the book in 1813. / He decided to keep her.
  • Na negativa: didn't + infinitivo.
  • Na interrogativa: Did + sujeito + infinitivo?

Past Progressive

  • Descreve uma ação em progresso num momento passado.
  • Forma: was / were + verb-ing
  • Ex.: Amy was reading a book when the phone rang.
  • Na negativa: wasn't / weren't + verb-ing
  • Na interrogativa: Was / Were + sujeito + verb-ing?

Simple Past + Past Progressive juntos

O Past Progressive indica a ação que estava a ocorrer (fundo/background); o Simple Past indica a ação que a interrompeu.

Conectores comuns: when (= naquele momento), while (= ao mesmo tempo que).

While / When you called, I was taking a shower.
She was listening to her favorite song on the radio when the doorbell rang.
He was sitting in the bath when he heard a loud noise.

Affirmative — Past Progressive

PersonFormExample
Iwas eatingI was eating.
You / We / Theywere eatingThey were eating.
He / She / Itwas eatingShe was eating.

Negative — Past Progressive

PersonForm
I / He / She / Itwasn't eating
You / We / Theyweren't eating

Prática — Choose the correct form

  1. While I wrote / was writing a text message, my phone rang.
  2. He bought / was buying a ticket and then he got on the train.
  3. I walked / was walking along the road when I saw my friend.
  4. Paul made / was making a model when he realized he didn't have any glue.
  5. Arthur C. Clarke was a writer and inventor. He moved to London in 1917.

Regular vs. Irregular Verbs (Simple Past)

Regular (-ed)Irregular
decided, started, published, stoppedwrote, went, sat, got, saw, was/were, had, ran, heard

Word-Stock 2 Compound Nouns

Compound nouns são nomes formados pela combinação de duas ou mais palavras. Podem ser escritos juntos (bookstore), com hífen ou separados (book deal, high school).

Noun + Noun

  • audiobook — livro em áudio
  • best-seller — livro muito vendido
  • book deal — contrato editorial
  • bookstore — livraria
  • computer program — programa de computador
  • graphic novel — romance gráfico (BD longa)
  • love letter — carta de amor
  • magazine rack — expositor de revistas
  • postcard — postal
  • public library — biblioteca pública
  • school vacation — férias escolares
  • text message — mensagem de texto

Adjective + Noun

  • high school — escola secundária / ensino médio
  • social life — vida social

Prática — Complete with a compound noun

  1. In the US, children start high school at the age of 14.
  2. Please send me a text message when you arrive in Brazil.
  3. I don't want to buy that book. I'm going to borrow it from the public library.
  4. She wrote a thriller and immediately got a book deal with the biggest publishers in Johannesburg.

Language Ground 2 Past Perfect

Usamos o Past Perfect para falar de uma ação passada que ocorreu antes de outra ação também passada. O Simple Past descreve a ação mais recente; o Past Perfect descreve a anterior.

Form — Past Perfect

AffirmativeNegative
I / You / He / She / We / Theyhad eaten ('d eaten)had not eaten (hadn't eaten)

Interrogativa: Had + subject + past participle?
Had you eaten? → Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.

Rules

  • Formamos com had + past participle.
  • Na negativa adicionamos not após had: hadn't.
  • Nas perguntas: Had + subject + past participle?
They finished lunch when I arrived. → They had finished lunch when I arrived.

By the time we arrived at the airport, the plane had left.
The play hadn't started when we arrived at the theatre.
After she had read the book, she watched the movie.

Time expressions with Past Perfect

  • by the time — quando / até o momento em que
  • before / after — antes / depois
  • already — já
  • when — quando

By the time we arrived, the movie had already started.
We arrived after the movie had started.

Prática — Use Past Perfect ou Simple Past

  1. The show (start) → had started when we arrived at the theatre.
  2. We (not be) → hadn't been there long when it started to rain.
  3. She (not read) → hadn't read the book before she saw the movie.
  4. Peter (learn) → had learned to read before he went to first grade.
  5. Kate watched TV after she (finish) → had finished her dinner.

Language Checkpoint Simple Past vs. Past Progressive vs. Past Perfect

Resumo comparativo dos três tempos verbais do passado trabalhados na unidade:

Quick Reference

Tense Use Signal words
Simple Past Ação concluída no passado yesterday, last…, in 1813, ago
Past Progressive Ação em progresso num momento passado; ação interrompida while, when, at that moment
Past Perfect Ação que ocorreu antes de outra ação passada by the time, before, after, already, when
Mary Shelley started writing Frankenstein when she was 18 years old. At the time, she was staying in Switzerland. That summer they stayed inside and spent much time writing ghost stories. She got the idea while she was planning a vacation. The book had been published anonymously in 1818.

Prática — Choose the correct tense

  1. By the time I (read) → had read the book, I told all my friends.
  2. It (start) → started raining after I (arrive) → had arrived home.
  3. He (leave) → had left before I arrived at the party.
  4. My phone battery (stop) → had stopped working before I could call her.

Reading Expert 1 Dog Star — by Arthur C. Clarke

Dog Star é um conto de Arthur C. Clarke (1917–2008), escritor britânico famoso por obras de ficção científica como 2001: A Space Odyssey. A história mistura amor por um animal de estimação com elementos de ciência e desastre.

Key words — Vocabulário

  • earthquake — terramoto / terremoto
  • observatory — observatório
  • astronomer — astrônomo
  • suit (here) — fato espacial
  • tremor — tremor sísmico

Summary (plot)

O narrador encontrou Laika — uma cadela — à beira de uma estrada e adotou-a. Levou-a para trabalhar no observatório, na Lua. Certa noite, Laika acordou o narrador ao latir; quando o narrador foi verificar, ela tinha morrido. Mais tarde, um terramoto destruiu a casa dos amigos onde Laika costumava ficar durante as ausências do narrador. O narrador percebe que Laika o tinha salvo duas vezes com os seus avisos.

Comprehension — True or False? (correct the false ones)

  1. The narrator found Laika in Palomar. → False — he found her by the side of a road.
  2. Laika often went to work with the narrator. → False — she accompanied him on short journeys only.
  3. The narrator survived the first earthquake because he was outside when it happened. → False — he was on the Moon at the Observatory.
  4. Laika saved the narrator twice. → True.
  5. The narrator was sleeping when the tremor started on the Moon. → True (he was barking frantically in his sleep).

About the author — Arthur C. Clarke

  • Born in Minehead, England, 1917; moved to London 1936.
  • Began writing science fiction while fighting in WWII.
  • Did not write any stories after the war at first, but later wrote about his experiences.
  • Published his first story in 1946; wrote more than 70 books.
  • Also worked on a TV series about space and movie scripts with director Stanley Kubrick.
  • Won several scientific awards. Died 2008.

Reading Expert 2 A Successful Authoring Story — Alexandra Adornetto

Key vocabulary

  • publisher — editora / editor
  • publish — publicar
  • best-seller — livro mais vendido
  • audiobook — livro em áudio
  • social life — vida social

Alexandra Adornetto — Facts

  • Australian author; nothing unusual — started writing her first novel at 13.
  • By the time she was 16, she had already published 3 books.
  • The Shadow Thief published soon after. By then, writing had become part of her life.
  • She then wrote The Halo Trilogy and The Ghost House.
  • She decided to write a love story for teenagers: Blink.
  • Manages to write and still enjoy her life: works in the morning, goes out with friends at night.

Comprehension questions

  1. Were Alexandra's first three books successful? → Yes — The Shadow Thief was published and sold very well.
  2. Where is she from? → Australia.
  3. How old was she when she started writing her first book? → 13 years old.
  4. What is different about her book for teenagers? → It is a love story.
  5. What has she learned since her first book? → She has learned to balance everything in her life.

Word Bonus Describing a Story

Adjectives — positive & negative

PositiveNegative
grippingslow
movingdreadful
funnychildish
superbcomplicated
unbelievableterrifying

Definitions — Match

  • childish — more suitable for children (negativo no contexto de adultos)
  • complicated — difficult to understand
  • gripping — very exciting
  • moving — emotional
  • unbelievable — difficult to believe
  • dreadful — very bad
  • slow — boring (no contexto de ritmo da história)
"She couldn't put the book down. It was so gripping / dreadful."
"What a moving / childish story! We all cried."
"That book can't be true. It's completely funny / unbelievable."

Writing Expert A Fantastic Short Story

Para escrever um conto fantástico (fantastic short story) eficaz, segue estas etapas:

Useful Language — Giving & Asking for Opinions

  • I simply love…
  • To be honest, I think…
  • I prefer… to…
  • What about…?
  • If you ask me…

Language in Focus — Even though

Usa-se even though para ligar duas frases e realçar que algo é verdade mesmo que outra coisa contrária também o seja.

Even though I never believed them, I always paid attention.
He gave me a new pair of earrings. He knew I didn't have my ears pierced.
→ He gave me new earrings even though he knew I didn't have my ears pierced.

Model text elements — "The Kappa" (Horacio Muki Storm)

  • Setting: Sendai, capital of Miyagi Prefecture, Japan — Tanabata Festival.
  • Characters: the narrator, his wife, his daughter Miki, the Kappa.
  • Conflict: a kappa (aquatic creature) grabs the narrator's daughter.
  • Resolution: the narrator uses memorized information to make the kappa bow and release his daughter.

Comprehension — Answer

  1. Who is the narrator? → The grandfather / father at the festival.
  2. Who are the characters? → The narrator, his wife, his daughter Miki, and the kappa.
  3. Where and when does the story happen? → Sendai, Japan, during the Tanabata Festival.
  4. What is the main conflict? → The kappa grabs Miki and tries to drag her toward the river.

CLIL Connection Peace Symbols and Their Origins

Esta secção cruza o Inglês com outras áreas do conhecimento (CLIL — Content and Language Integrated Learning). O texto está relacionado com o ODS 16 (Paz, Justiça e Instituições Eficazes).

The 4 Main Symbols

  • 1. Dove and the olive branch — combinação de dois símbolos: o ramo de oliveira (consagrado a Atena) e a pomba (símbolo cristão do dilúvio bíblico). O símbolo mais antigo dos quatro.
  • 2. Peace sign — criado em 1958 por Gerald Holtom para a Campanha pelo Desarmamento Nuclear. Combina as letras N e D do alfabeto semáforo. Adotado depois como símbolo geral anti-guerra.
  • 3. V-hand sign — feito com os dedos indicador e médio em V ("victory"). Durante a WWII, Vítor Hugo d'Aveyere encorajou populações a pintar V nas casas como resistência. Churchill usou-o em público; os hippies adotaram-no como símbolo de paz na guerra do Vietname.
  • 4. White poppy — papoila branca, começou a crescer na Europa durante a WWI. Em 1934, a Co-operative Women's Guild usou-a como símbolo de paz. Sem ligação original à guerra.

Comprehension — Choose the correct answers

  1. The oldest symbol for peace is: c. the dove and the olive branch
  2. This symbol was used during a war: a. the white poppy
  3. This symbol was used after a war: b. the peace sign (campaign after WWII)
  4. Originally, this symbol wasn't connected to war: a. the dove and the olive branch
  5. This symbol may be interpreted differently depending on how you make it: b. the peace sign / c. the V-hand sign

Language Booster 1 Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds (-ing) vs. Infinitives (to + verb)

  • Alguns verbos são seguidos de gerúndio (-ing): enjoy, finish, stop, mind, keep, look forward to, be used to.
    Ex.: I really enjoy reading online classes.
  • Outros verbos são seguidos de infinitivo (to + v): want, decide, manage, plan, need, would like, expect, hope.
    Ex.: I decided to take an online course.
  • Alguns verbos aceitam os dois (like, love, hate, prefer, start, begin, continue), sem diferença de significado relevante neste nível.
    Ex.: I like reading / to read crime stories.
"To be honest, I didn't expect to enjoy / enjoying my online class for Portuguese. It turned out not to be boring at all."

"I actually started an online course about food safety. I have to admit — I never finished going through all the modules."

"I've always enjoyed using computers."

Prática — Decide: correct (✓) or incorrect (✗)

  1. "I'm really looking forward to see my friends this weekend." → ✗ (→ seeing)
  2. "I really find it difficult to study in the morning — I prefer to do my homework in the evening." → ✓
  3. "I usually finish to watch TV series really quickly." → ✗ (→ watching)
  4. "To read before going to bed is a good way to fall asleep." → ✓
  5. "After eating a big meal, I often feel like taking a nap." → ✓

Resumo / Summary

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